Main article: Name of Ukraine There are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older widespread hypothesis, it means "borderland", [23] while some more recent linguistic studies claim a different meaning: The Goths stayed in the area but came under the sway of the Huns from the s AD. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the Khazars took over much of the land. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Antes were located in the territory of what is now Ukraine.
The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians: Migrations from Ukraine throughout the Balkans established many Southern Slavic nations. Northern migrations, reaching almost to the Ilmen lakes, led to the emergence of the Ilmen Slavs , Krivichs , and Radimichs , the groups ancestral to the Russians. After an Avar raid in and the collapse of the Antes Union, most of these peoples survived as separate tribes until the beginning of the second millennium.
Kievan Rus' included the central, western and northern part of modern Ukraine, Belarus , far eastern strip of Poland and the western part of present-day Russia.
According to the Primary Chronicle the Rus' elite initially consisted of Varangians from Scandinavia. Furthest extent of Kievan Rus' , — The Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of the first Rus' dynasty, the Rurik Dynasty. During the reign of his son, Yaroslav the Wise — , Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural development and military power.
After a final resurgence under the rule of Vladimir II Monomakh — and his son Mstislav — , Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death.
Kiev was totally destroyed in Danylo was crowned by the papal archbishop in Dorohychyn as the first King of all Rus'. Under Danylo's reign, the Kingdom of Galicia—Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe. Meanwhile, the heartland of Rus', including Kiev, became the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled by Gediminas and his successors, after the Battle on the Irpen' River.
Following the Union of Krewo , a dynastic union between Poland and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By the so-called Galicia—Volhynia Wars ended. Polish colonisers of depopulated lands in northern and central Ukraine founded or re-founded many towns. In the Union of Lublin established the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth, and much Ukrainian territory was transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, becoming Polish territory de jure.
Under the demographic, cultural and political pressure of Polonisation , which began in the late 14th century, many landed gentry of Polish Ruthenia another name for the land of Rus converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from the Polish nobility.
The Cossacks did not shy from taking up arms against those they perceived as enemies, including the Polish state and its local representatives. From the beginning of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, Crimean Tatar slave raiding bands [50] exported about two million slaves from Russia and Ukraine. The last remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire in These were rejected by the Polish nobility, who dominated the Sejm.
Khmelnytsky , deserted by his Tatar allies, suffered a crushing defeat at Berestechko in , and turned to the Russian tsar for help. In , Khmelnytsky signed the Treaty of Pereyaslav , forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian tsar. In — came " The Ruin ", a devastating year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine, which occurred at about the same time as the Deluge of Poland.
The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths. Defeat came in as the " Eternal Peace " between Russia and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands between them. Eventually Peter recognized that to consolidate and modernize Russia's political and economic power it was necessary to do away with the hetmanate and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy.
Mazepa died in exile after fleeing from the Battle of Poltava , where the Swedes and their Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat. The first page of the Bendery Constitution. This copy in Latin was probably penned by Hetman Pylyp Orlyk. The original is kept in the National Archives of Sweden.
The Constitution limited the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected Cossack parliament called the General Council. Pylyp Orlyk's Constitution was unique for its historic period, and was one of the first state constitutions in Europe.
As part of the partitioning of Poland in , and , the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper were divided between Russia and Austria. From to , expansion into the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern Danube valley was a cornerstone of Russian foreign policy. Lithuanians and Poles controlled vast estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves.
Judicial rulings from Cracow were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically tied to the land as serfs. Occasionally the landowners battled each other using armies of Ukrainian peasants.
The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In , they set up the "Greek-Catholic" or Uniate Church ; it dominates western Ukraine to this day.
Religious differentiation left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to follow the Ukrainian nobles. Ethnicity was one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian violence that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious warfare also broke out among Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border on the Dnieper River in the time of Catherine II set the stage for the uprising.
As Uniate religious practices had become more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence on the Russian Orthodox Church.
Confessional tensions also reflected opposing Polish and Russian political allegiances. However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and church offices.
This allowed them to unite in the Host of Loyal Zaporozhians and later to reorganize into other hosts, of which the Black Sea host was most important. Because of the lack of available men in their own country, thousands of Russian and Ukrainian women are broadening their search of a husband to other regions of the world. They became a well-known group whose numbers increased greatly between the 15th and 17th centuries. If I had them in my army, Ukraina dating site, I would go through all the world with them. Attempts by the szlachta to turn the Zaporozhian Cossacks into peasants eroded the Cossacks' formerly strong loyalty towards the Commonwealth. Some already have common babies. By andCossacks had razed suburbs of Constantinopleforcing the Ottoman Sultan to flee his palace. Frenchmen had had few contacts with Cossacks before the Allies occupied Paris in These were rejected by the Polish nobility, Ukraina dating site, who dominated the Sejm. As fate Ukraina dating site have it, we met through an international dating website and struck up a correspondence with each other.
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